LE(4)

NAME
le - AMD 7990, 79C90, 79C960 LANCE Ethernet interface driver

SYNOPSIS

  ISA boards
nele0 at isa? port 0x320 irq 9 drq 7 # NE2100
le* at nele?
bicc0 at isa? port 0x320 irq 10 drq 7 # BICC Isolan
le* at bicc?
depca0 at isa? port 0x300 iomem 0xc8000 iosiz 0x8000 irq 5 # DEC DEPCA
le* at depca?
le* at isapnp? # ISA Plug-and-Play adapters

  EISA boards
depca* at eisa? slot ? # DEC DE422
le* at depca?

  MCA boards
le* at mca? slot ? # SKNET Personal/MC2+

  TURBOchannel PMAD-A or onboard (alpha, pmax)
le* at tc? slot ? offset ?

  alpha
le* at ioasic? offset ?

  amiga
le* at zbus0

  atari
le0 at vme0 irq 4 # BVME410
le0 at vme0 irq 5 # Riebl/PAM

  hp300
le* at dio? scode ?

  luna68k
le0 at mainbus0

  mvme68k
le0 at pcc? ipl 3 # MVME147

  news68k
le0 at hb0 addr 0xe0f00000 ipl 4

  newsmips
le0 at hb0 addr 0xbff80000 level 1

  pmax
le* at ioasic? offset ?
le* at ibus0 addr ?

  sparc and sparc64
le* at sbus? slot ? offset ?
le* at ledma0 slot ? offset ?
le* at lebuffer? slot ? offset ?

  sun3
le0 at obio0 addr 0x120000 ipl 3
options LANCE_REVC_BUG

  vax
le0 at vsbus0 csr 0x200e0000

DESCRIPTION
The le interface provides access to a Ethernet network via the AMD Am7990 and Am79C90 (CMOS, pin-compatible) LANCE (Local Area Network Controller - Ethernet) chip set.

In previous releases of NetBSD, the le driver also supported PCnet-PCI cards based on the AMD 79c970 chipset, which is a single-chip implementation of an Ethernet interface that has a LANCE compatibility mode combined with a PCI bus interface. PCnet-PCI interfaces have been supported by the pcn(4) driver since NetBSD 1.6.

Each of the host's network addresses is specified at boot time with an SIOCSIFADDR ioctl(2). The le interface employs the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) described in arp(4) to dynamically map between Internet and Ethernet addresses on the local network.

Selective reception of multicast Ethernet frames is provided by a 64-bit mask; multicast destination addresses are hashed to a bit entry using the Ethernet CRC function.

The use of "trailer" encapsulation to minimize copying data on input and output is supported by the interface but offers no advantage on systems with large page sizes. The use of trailers is automatically negotiated with ARP. This negotiation may be disabled, on a per-interface basis, with ifconfig(8).

HARDWARE

  amiga
The le interface supports the following Zorro II expansion cards:

A2065
    Commodore's Ethernet card, manufacturer 514, product 112

AMERISTAR
    Ameristar's Ethernet card, manufacturer 1053, product 1

ARIADNE
    Village Tronic's Ethernet card, manufacturer 2167, product 201

The A2065 and Ameristar Ethernet cards support only manual media selection.

The Ariadne card supports a software media selection for its two different connectors:

10Base2/BNC
    also known as thinwire-Ethernet

10BaseT/UTP
    also known as twisted pair

The Ariadne card uses an autoselect between UTP and BNC, so it uses UTP when an active UTP line is connected or otherwise BNC. See ifmedia(4) for media selection options for ifconfig(8).

  ISA
The ISA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the le interface are:

BICC Isolan
Novell NE2100
Digital DEPCA

  EISA
The EISA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the le interface are:

DEC DE422

  MCA
The MCA-bus Ethernet cards supported by the le interface are:

SKNET Personal MC2
SKNET MC2+

  pmax
All LANCE interfaces on DECstations are supported, as are interfaces on Alpha AXP machines with a TURBOchannel bus.

No support is provided for switching between media ports. The DECstation 3100 provides both AUI and BNC (thinwire or 10BASE2) connectors. Port selection is via a manual switch and is not software configurable.

The DECstation model 5000/200 PMAD-AA baseboard device provides only a BNC connector.

The ioasic baseboard devices and the PMAD-AA TURBOchannel option card provide only an AUI port.

  sparc
The Sbus Ethernet cards supported by the le interface include:
SBE/S
    SCSI and Buffered Ethernet (sun part 501-1860)
FSBE/S
    Fast SCSI and Buffered Ethernet (sun part 501-2015)
Antares SBus 10Base-T Ethernet
    Buffered Ethernet (antares part 20-050-1007)

Interfaces attached to an ledma0 on SPARC systems typically have two types of connectors:

AUI/DIX
    Standard 15 pin connector

10BaseT
    UTP, also known as twisted pair

The appropriate connector can be selected by supplying a media parameter to ifconfig(8). The supported arguments for media are:

10base5/AUI
    to select the AUI connector, or

10baseT/UTP
    to select the UTP connector.

If a media parameter is not specified, a default connector is selected for use by examining all media types for carrier. The first connector on which a carrier is detected will be selected. Additionally, if carrier is dropped on a port, the driver will switch between the possible ports until one with carrier is found.

DIAGNOSTICS

le%d: overflow More packets came in from the Ethernet than there was space in the receive buffers. Packets were missed.

le%d: receive buffer error Ran out of buffer space, packet dropped.

le%d: lost carrier The Ethernet carrier disappeared during an attempt to transmit. It will finish transmitting the current packet, but will not automatically retry transmission if there is a collision.

le%d: excessive collisions, tdr %d Ethernet extremely busy or jammed, outbound packets dropped after 16 attempts to retransmit.

TDR is "Time Domain Reflectometry". The LANCE TDR value is an internal counter of the interval between the start of a transmission and the occurrence of a collision. This value can be used to determine the distance from the Ethernet tap to the point on the Ethernet cable that is shorted or open (unterminated).

le%d: dropping chained buffer Packet didn't fit into a single receive buffer, packet dropped. Since the le driver allocates buffers large enough to receive the maximum size Ethernet packet, this means some other station on the LAN transmitted a packet larger than allowed by the Ethernet standard.

le%d: transmit buffer error LANCE ran out of buffer before finishing the transmission of a packet. If this error occurs, the driver software has a bug.

le%d: underflow LANCE ran out of buffer before finishing the transmission of a packet. If this error occurs, the driver software has a bug.

le%d: controller failed to initialize Driver failed to start the AM7990 LANCE. This is potentially a hardware failure.

le%d: memory error RAM failed to respond within the timeout when the LANCE wanted to read or write it. This is potentially a hardware failure.

le%d: receiver disabled The LANCE receiver was turned off due to an error.

le%d: transmitter disabled The LANCE transmitter was turned off due to an error.

SEE ALSO
arp(4), ifmedia(4), inet(4), intro(4), mca(4), pcn(4), ifconfig(8) Am79C90 - CMOS Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet, May 1994, 17881, Advanced Micro Devices.

HISTORY
The pmax le driver is derived from a le driver that first appeared in 4.4BSD. Support for multiple bus attachments first appeared in NetBSD 1.2.

The Amiga le interface first appeared in NetBSD 1.0

The Ariadne Ethernet card first appeared with the Amiga ae interface in NetBSD 1.1 and was converted to the Amiga le interface in NetBSD 1.3

BUGS
The Am7990 Revision C chips have a bug which causes garbage to be inserted in front of the received packet occasionally. The work-around is to ignore packets with an invalid destination address (garbage will usually not match), by double-checking the destination address of every packet in the driver. This work-around is enabled with the LANCE_REVC_BUG kernel option.

When LANCE_REVC_BUG is enabled, the le driver executes one or two calls to an inline Ethernet address comparison function for every received packet. On the mc68000 it is exactly eight instructions of 16 bits each. There is one comparison for each unicast packet, and two comparisons for each broadcast packet.

In summary, the cost of the LANCE_REVC_BUG option is:
1.  loss of multicast support, and
2.  eight extra CPU instructions per received packet, sometimes sixteen, depending on both the processor, and the type of packet.

All sun3 systems are presumed to have this bad revision of the Am7990, until proven otherwise. Alas, the only way to prove what revision of the chip is in a particular system is inspection of the date code on the chip package, to compare against a list of what chip revisions were fabricated between which dates.

Alas, the Am7990 chip is so old that AMD has "de-archived" the production information about it; pending a search elsewhere, we don't know how to identify the revision C chip from the date codes.

On all pmax front-ends, performance is impaired by hardware which forces a software copy of packets to and from DMA buffers. The ioasic machines and the DECstation 3100 must copy packets to and from non-contiguous DMA buffers. The DECstation 5000/200 and the PMAD-AA must copy to and from an onboard SRAM DMA buffer. The CPU overhead is noticeable, but all machines can sustain full 10 Mb/s media speed.